Quench
A subcultivar of plum tree
(Prunus domestica subsp. insititia.)
(Prunus domestica subsp. insititia.)
History
The plum tree, often referred to as the plum tree, has a long tradition in Europe. Cultivated for centuries in traditional orchards (particularly in Lorraine and Alsace), it has always been appreciated for its fruits, which are particularly suitable for cooking and artisanal preparations (pies, jams, compotes). Its history testifies to the progressive selection by man, which has favoured trees that produce fruit with firm and tangy flesh, ideal for processing and preservation.
Origins
The plum tree is part of the group of domestic plum trees (Prunus domestica) and is often equated with the European plum tree. Resulting from a complex of hybridizations between wild species from Asia Minor and Europe, it developed in regions with a temperate climate. In German, this type of plum is often referred to as « Zwetschge », which underlines its importance in the fruit tradition of Central and Eastern Europe.
Orchard Management
To set up a plum orchard, it is recommended to:
- Choose a sunny location: The plum tree appreciates full sunlight, but can tolerate light partial shade, especially in very hot climates.
- Opt for fertile and well-drained soil: Deep and slightly clay-limestone soils promote good nutrition for the tree while avoiding waterlogging. An addition of organic amendment (compost) during planting helps to establish young trees.
- Respect adequate spacing: A spacing of about 4 to 5 m between trees allows optimal aeration and limits the spread of diseases, while facilitating cultivation and harvesting.
La physiology
The plum tree is a medium-sized fruit tree that can reach about 4 to 6 m in height. Its physiological characteristics include:
- Flowering: In spring (May-June), small white flowers in clusters develop, attracting bees and other essential pollinators.
- Growth: Growth is vigorous, with well-maintained branches that promote good light penetration into the canopy.
- Fruit formation: The fruits, called plums, develop gradually and are characterized by an elongated shape and skin that can vary from pale yellow to purple depending on the variety and degree of ripeness.
Tree Management
Optimal management of the plum tree is based on:
- Training pruning: From the first years, it is recommended to train the tree by establishing a solid framework (usually 3 to 4 main branches) to ensure good aeration and a harmonious distribution of the fruit.
- Maintenance pruning: In winter (frost-free), remove dead wood, cluttered or misoriented branches to promote air circulation and reduce humidity, a risk factor for diseases.
- Pollination management: Although some cultivars may be self-fertile, the presence of another compatible cultivar (for example, another plum variety for processing) often improves the quality and quantity of production.
Quality Fruit
Plums are distinguished by:
- Appearance: The fruits are usually elongated, with a thin skin that can take on shades ranging from light yellow to dark purple when ripe.
- Texture and taste: Their firm, juicy flesh has a slight acidity and a subtle balance between sweetness and freshness. These qualities make them particularly suitable for baking (into pies or jams) and processing into compotes or liqueurs.
- Nutritional value: Like other plums, plums provide vitamins (especially vitamin C) and antioxidants, while being relatively low in calories.
Plant Protection
The plum tree, like other plum trees, requires special attention to prevent diseases and pest attacks:
- Regular monitoring: Inspect trees frequently for early signs of diseases such as moniliosis or rust, as well as pest attacks (aphids, codling moths, mealybugs).
- Orchard hygiene: Remove and destroy damaged or fallen fruit, as well as dead leaves, to reduce moisture and limit sources of infection.
- Preventive treatments: If necessary, use suitable phytosanitary products – preferably organic (nettle manure, copper mixture) – respecting critical periods (for example, after pruning or at the beginning of fruiting).
- Controlled watering: Ensure balanced watering, especially during the active growth period, to avoid water stress or excess humidity that promote the development of diseases.
Harvest
Plums are generally harvested in summer:
- Ripening period: Depending on the variety, the fruits ripen from the end of July to the beginning of September. It is important to pick plums as soon as they reach optimal ripeness, to prevent them from falling off or deteriorating.
- Harvesting method: For better quality, manual picking is often preferred. In professional orchards, suitable mechanical systems can be used, taking care to minimize impacts on the fruit.
- Post-harvest storage: Plums, being fragile, must be handled with care and kept cool (refrigeration) to extend their shelf life while preserving their taste quality.
